Artificial intelligence (AI) can process hundreds of documents in seconds, identify imperceptible patterns in vast datasets and provide in-depth answers to virtually any question. It has the potential to solve common problems, increase efficiency across multiple industries and even free up time for individuals to spend with their loved ones by delegating repetitive tasks to machines.
However, critical thinking requires time and practice to develop properly. The more people rely on automated technology, the faster their metacognitive skills may decline. What are the consequences of relying on AI for critical thinking?
Study Finds AI Degrades Users’ Critical Thinking
The concern that AI will degrade users’ metacognitive skills is no longer hypothetical. Several studies suggest it diminishes people’s capacity to think critically, impacting their ability to question information, make judgments, analyze data or form counterarguments.
A 2025 Microsoft study surveyed 319 knowledge workers on 936 instances of AI use to determine how they perceive their critical thinking ability when using generative technology. Survey respondents reported decreased effort when using AI technology compared to relying on their own minds. Microsoft reported that in the majority of instances, the respondents felt that they used “much less effort” or “less effort” when using generative AI.
Knowledge, comprehension, analysis, synthesis and evaluation were all adversely affected by AI use. Although a fraction of respondents reported using some or much more effort, an overwhelming majority reported that tasks became easier and required less work.
If AI’s purpose is to streamline tasks, is there any harm in letting it do its job? It is a slippery slope. Many algorithms cannot think critically, reason or understand context. They are often prone to hallucinations and bias. Users who are unaware of the risks of relying on AI may contribute to skewed, inaccurate results.
How AI Adversely Affects Critical Thinking Skills
Overreliance on AI can diminish an individual’s ability to independently solve problems and think critically. Say someone is taking a test when they run into a complex question. Instead of taking the time to consider it, they plug it into a generative model and insert the algorithm’s response into the answer field.
In this scenario, the test-taker learned nothing. They didn’t improve their research skills or analytical abilities. If they pass the test, they advance to the next chapter. What if they were to do this for everything their teachers assign? They could graduate from high school or even college without refining fundamental cognitive abilities.
This outcome is bleak. However, students might not feel any immediate adverse effects. If their use of language models is rewarded with better test scores, they may lose their motivation to think critically altogether. Why should they bother justifying their arguments or evaluating others’ claims when it is easier to rely on AI?
The Impact of AI Use on Critical Thinking Skills
An advanced algorithm can automatically aggregate and analyze large datasets, streamlining problem-solving and task execution. Since its speed and accuracy often outperform humans, users are usually inclined to believe it is better than them at these tasks. When it presents them with answers and insights, they take that output at face value. Unquestioning acceptance of a generative model’s output leads to difficulty distinguishing between facts and falsehoods. Algorithms are trained to predict the next word in a string of words. No matter how good they get at that task, they aren’t really reasoning. Even if a machine makes a mistake, it won’t be able to fix it without context and memory, both of which it lacks.
The more users accept an algorithm’s answer as fact, the more their evaluation and judgment skew. Algorithmic models often struggle with overfitting. When they fit too closely to the information in their training dataset, their accuracy can plummet when they are presented with new information for analysis.
Populations Most Affected by Overreliance on AI
Generally, overreliance on generative technology can negatively impact humans’ ability to think critically. However, low confidence in AI-generated output is related to increased critical thinking ability, so strategic users may be able to use AI without harming these skills.
In 2023, around 27% of adults told the Pew Research Center they use AI technology multiple times a day. Some of the individuals in this population may retain their critical thinking skills if they have a healthy distrust of machine learning tools. The data must focus on populations with disproportionately high AI use and be more granular to determine the true impact of machine learning on critical thinking.
Critical thinking often isn’t taught until high school or college. It can be cultivated during early childhood development, but it typically takes years to grasp. For this reason, deploying generative technology in schools is particularly risky — even though it is common.
Today, most students use generative models. One study revealed that 90% have used ChatGPT to complete homework. This widespread use isn’t limited to high schools. About 75% of college students say they would continue using generative technology even if their professors disallowed it. Middle schoolers, teenagers and young adults are at an age where developing critical thinking is crucial. Missing this window could cause problems.
The Implications of Decreased Critical Thinking
Already, 60% of educators use AI in the classroom. If this trend continues, it may become a standard part of education. What happens when students begin to trust these tools more than themselves? As their critical thinking capabilities diminish, they may become increasingly susceptible to misinformation and manipulation. The effectiveness of scams, phishing and social engineering attacks could increase.
An AI-reliant generation may have to compete with automation technology in the workforce. Soft skills like problem-solving, judgment and communication are important for many careers. Lacking these skills or relying on generative tools to get good grades may make finding a job challenging.
Innovation and adaptation go hand in hand with decision-making. Knowing how to objectively reason without the use of AI is critical when confronted with high-stakes or unexpected situations. Leaning into assumptions and inaccurate data could adversely affect an individual’s personal or professional life.
Critical thinking is part of processing and analyzing complex — and even conflicting — information. A community made up of critical thinkers can counter extreme or biased viewpoints by carefully considering different perspectives and values.
AI Users Must Carefully Evaluate Algorithms’ Output
Generative models are tools, so whether their impact is positive or negative depends on their users and developers. So many variables exist. Whether you are an AI developer or user, strategically designing and interacting with generative technologies is an important part of ensuring they pave the way for societal advancements rather than hindering critical cognition.
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